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A short lesson of Geography of Peru
How do I get in contact with "live" people from 4starSouthAmerica?
O.k., but what about Mosquitoes and all those tropical dangers?
Other 4starSouthAmerica destinations to combine your trip with
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Short lesson of Geography: Peru
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Background: |
Geography |
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Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador |
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Geographic coordinates: |
10 00 S, 76 00 W |
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Map references: |
South America |
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Area: |
total: 1,285,220 sq km |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Alaska |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 5,536 km |
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Coastline: |
2,414 km |
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Maritime claims: |
continental shelf: 200 NM |
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Climate: |
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes |
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Terrain: |
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m |
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Natural resources: |
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas |
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Land use: |
arable land: 3% |
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Irrigated land: |
11,950 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity |
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Environment - current issues: |
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling |
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Geography - note: |
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; remote Lake McIntyre is the ultimate source of the Amazon River |
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People |
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Population: |
27,949,639 (July 2002 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 34% (male 4,820,892; female 4,671,205) |
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Population growth rate: |
1.66% (2002 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
23.36 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Death rate: |
5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female |
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Infant mortality rate: |
38.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 70.59 years |
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Total fertility rate: |
2.89 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.35% (1999 est.) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Peruvian(s) |
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Ethnic groups: |
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% |
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Religions: |
Roman Catholic 90% |
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Languages: |
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write |
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Government | ||
Country name: |
conventional long form: Republic of Peru |
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Government type: |
constitutional republic |
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Capital: |
Lima |
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Administrative divisions: |
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali |
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Independence: |
28 July 1821 (from Spain) |
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National holiday: |
Independence Day, 28 July (1821) |
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Constitution: |
31 December 1993 |
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Legal system: |
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch: |
chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001) |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congresso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] |
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International organization participation: |
ABEDA, APEC, CAN, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Allan WAGNER |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador John R. HAMILTON |
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Flag description: |
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath |
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Economy | ||
Economy - overview: |
Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the government and the IMF and World Bank, growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Nino's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent departure from office limited growth in 2000. The downturn in the global economy further depressed growth in 2001. President TOLEDO, who assumed the presidency in July 2001, is working to reinvigorate the economy and reduce unemployment. Economic growth in 2002 is projected to be 3 to 3.5%. |
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GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $132 billion (2001 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
-0.3% (2001 est.) |
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GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2001 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 10% |
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Population below poverty line: |
50% (2000 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 1.6% |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
46.2 (1996) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
1.5% (2001 est.) |
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Labor force: |
7.5 million (2000 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, transport, services |
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Unemployment rate: |
9%; widespread underemployment (2001 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $10.4 billion |
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Industries: |
mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
1.5% (2001 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
19.679 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 17.89% |
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Electricity - consumption: |
18.301 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
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Agriculture - products: |
coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish |
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Exports: |
$7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton |
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Exports - partners: |
US 28%, UK 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 6%, Japan, Chile, Brazil (2000) |
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Imports: |
$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals |
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Imports - partners: |
US 27%, Chile 8%, Spain 6%, Venezuela 4%, Colombia, Brazil, Japan (2000) |
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Debt - external: |
$33.1 billion (2001 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$895.1 million (1995) |
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Currency: |
nuevo sol (PEN) |
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Currency code: |
PEN |
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Exchange rates: |
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4400 (November 2001), 3.509 (2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.3833 (1999), 2.9300 (1998), 2.6642 (1997) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year | |
Telephones - main lines in use: |
1.509 million (1998) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
504,995 (1998) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment: adequate for most requirements |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) |
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Radios: |
6.65 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) |
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Televisions: |
3.06 million (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.pe |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
10 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
400,000 (2000) | |
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Transportation | ||
Railways: |
total: 2,102 km |
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Highways: |
total: 72,900 km |
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Waterways: |
8,808 km |
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Pipelines: |
crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km |
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Ports and harbors: |
Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas |
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Merchant marine: |
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,470 GRT/45,451 DWT |
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Airports: |
239 (2001) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 47 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 192 | |
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Millitary | ||
Military branches: |
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP), National Police (includes General Police, Security Police, and Technical Police) |
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Military manpower - military age: |
17 years of age (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49: 7,356,395 (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49: 4,944,952 (2002 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 276,458 (2002 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$1 billion (FY01) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.8% (FY01) | |
How do I get in contact with "live" people from 4starSouthAmerica™?
We are available to take your call live from 9am - 6pm Monday through Friday EST toll-free at 1-800-747-4540 in North America and from 9am-9pm Central European Time on +49-700-4444-7827. Our virtual storefront is open 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. You'll often find us in on a Saturday or Sunday!
At other times our call center will gladly take your message, and we shall reply to you as soon as possible.
And we guarantee to answer your e-mail inquiry within 24-48 hrs, 7 days per week (and normally within a couple of hours!)
Should you like help planning your South America trip, please use our Trip Planner form and we'll call or email you back.
Together with your travel documents, you'll receive the emergency phone number of our operations office responsible for the tour on which you are booked. Also, a few days before you leave for South America, we'll give you name, address and mobile phone number of your Tour Director whenever possible, who will be meeting you at the airport at your detination.
Most travelers, including US-citizens, only need a valid passport to enter Peru. See our visa section for more details. If combining your trip to Peru with other countries, please check also for those countries.
Is it dangerous to travel to Peru?
Democracy has brought forward many changes. In places where a city regards tourism as serious business, policing has been heightened dramatically.
Ten years ago, group tourism to Peru, in a manner similar to European tourism, did not exist.
It is unwise anywhere to leave valuables lying around or flaunt one's wealth, and the traveler generally does not venture far from the main stay (just as you would avoid certain parts of large U.S. cities.) Peru can be regarded as no less "safe" than any region where rich and poor meet. Just be discreet!
Although unemployment has risen sharply between 1999 and 2001 and although as a big city Lima does have it's spots it is still regarded as a safe travel destination.
As much as you know where the places are in your city which you would never go or take other people to, we know Peru. At 4starSouthAmerica we do not wish to hide anything from you. However, our tours and destinations steer clear of such dangers.
That's also why we decided to offer escorted tours to Peru. 4starSouthAmerica works only with specially trained, experienced and licensed local guides and tour directors, who'll share their best advice to keep you safe!
O.k., but what about Mosquitoes and all those tropical dangers?
4starSouthAmerica cannot dispense advice regarding vaccinations - please check with your doctor or visit the World Health Organization for their recommendations. The government of Brazil currently requires yellow fever vaccinations for anyone who has traveled to Peru.
However, we do recommend that if you are heading for the Amazon on our Peruvian Rainforest Tours that you get prophylactic Malaria medication (and take it, too!) If you are planning on exploring deeper into the rainforest or other unusual places in earnest on you own, please get advice from a specialized hospital or medical center.
Peru is moderately priced in the major and touristic cities, and realatively inexpensive elsewhere.
Local drinks (beer, wine, cocktails, soft drinks, and bottled water) cost about half what they do in the U.S. Tap water is safe, but only because it contains a lot of disinfectants. For your tastebuds' sake, ordering water „sin gas" (without gas) is an inexpensive alternative.
When you desire American standards and/or American food, expect prices as you would pay in the U.S. As with anything that is imported, expect to pay more, at times much more!
One nice thing: there is no sales tax to pay on top of the bill (Although, hotels, if indepently booked usuall -and legally- add the 18% VAT on top of the hotel bill. Tips in restaurants should not exceed 10%.
As just mentioned, restaurant tipping is about 10 %. Otherwise, where you would hand out one dollar, give one Peso. You need not tip taxi drivers.
It is customary to tip your highly trained, bilingual tour director about US$3 to $5 per person per day, and your coach driver about US$2-$3.
Yes, but no communication problems. Everybody loves to practice the little English they know. But do not expect everyone to speak English fluently. Use body language! In larger cities, everybody knows someone who speaks a bit of English, at least. In the more remote areas, Spanish is best. French, with a bit of patience, is often understood.
Hotels usually carry at least one TV-channel is English (CNN). Many cable channels broadcast their programs (like American sitcoms) in English with Spanish subtitles.
Just learn the two magic words:
Please! Por favor! (easy, isn´t it!)
and
Thank you! Gracias!
it gets you a lot of friendly smiles.
The Peruvian currency is the Nuevo Sol, which is approx. 3.20 to the dollar.
4starSouthAmerica's other destinations
Bolivia
Bolivia borders Peru to the northwest, Argentina to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, and Chile to the west. La Paz, the seat of government, is the world's highest capital city. It contains many museums and provides visitors with modern and comfortable hotels.
Cochabamba, the garden city, boasts a long tradition of local culture and folklore and Tarija City's excellent climate, combined with beautiful flowers and fine wines, makes it ideal for finding peace and quiet. The states of Beni and Pando, in the heart of the jungle, occupy a region offering visitors dramatic and colourful landscapes. The 'Golden' Pantiti's many rivers provide popular land and water excursions.
National dishes include empanada salteña (a mixture of diced meats, chives, raisins, diced potatoes, hot sauce and pepper baked in dough) and lomo montado (fried tenderloin steak with two fried eggs, rice and fried banana). Cruzena, is considered to be one of the best beers on the continent. La Paz has many nightclubs, which generally open around midnight. On Fridays and Saturdays there are folk music and dancing shows which start late in the evening.
Brazil
Two-thirds of Brazil's population lives near the coast, meaning that life is a beach for locals and tourists alike.
People are the essence of the country, and while Brazil is home to a multitude of ethnic groups of varying economic status, there are some characteristics that everyone shares - energy and passion.
It's not all reserved for football either; Brazilians enjoy a good party whatever the circumstances.
Rio is the hottest of destinations, particularly around Carnival time. Dancers gyrate, the music beats and the summer temperature rises. Almost anything goes. Bodies of all ages, colours and sizes don the very minimum in beachwear and idle away the days on the sun-kissed Copacabana and Ipanema beaches. Volleyball, swimming and people-watching are but a few of the activities in which you can indulge.
Brazil's landscape is as diverse as the people who inhabit it. A rich colonial history exists, and the town of Parati is an exquisite example of eighteenth-century Portuguese architecture. The jungles and rivers of the Amazon, home to lush vegetation and exotic wildlife, incite notions of exploration amongst the intrepid, while the thundering Iguassu Falls are simply a spectacular wonder. Argentina's massive assortment of people and places renders it ripe for choice.
Chile
Chile is situated in South America, bounded by Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, the Antarctic and the Pacific Ocean. Home of the Andes mountain range, it is a thin ribbon of land, 4200km (2610 miles) long and nowhere more than 180km (115 miles) wide.
Arica, near the northern border with Peru, is an excellent tourist centre. It has good beaches and the famous San Marcos Cathedral. Chile's central region and the islands feature the snow-capped peaks of the Andes, rolling green fields, vineyards and orange groves. The modern capital city, Santiago, has a good range of hotels to suit all tastes and pockets. Easter Island, west of the mainland, is famous for the Moai, gigantic stone figures found all over the island. National dishes include empanada (meat, chicken or fish, with onions, eggs, raisins and olives inside a flour pastry) and humitas (seasoned corn paste, wrapped in corn husks and boiled). Chile is, of course, famous for its wine and pisco is a powerful liqueur also distilled from grapes. While many restaurants and hotels offer entertainment there are also a number of independent discotheques, nightclubs and late night cabaret spots.
Argentina
Argentina is a land of extremes, its hectic urban centres contrasting with a staggeringly remote hinterland, and can be simultaneously hot in one region and cold in another. The one common thread is that the people possess a curiosity, passion, and fervour for life, most visible when it comes to football, the national obsession. Evita, the Tango, gauchos and estancias are the country's clichéd attractions, but what strikes visitors most is that life here is for living - the fast pace only letting up for the afternoon siesta.
Referred to as a grimy Paris, Buenos Aires is a sophisticated capital brimming with character and an excellent spot for shopping and watching the world go by - whether it's pedestrians strolling or motorists driving at break-neck speed. Nightlife is second to none and the restaurants are a food-lover's delight.
Argentina's national parks teem with wildlife and incredible mountainous vistas, while the colossal Perito Moreno Glacier and Iguazú Falls are natural wonders. Endless hiking opportunities abound in the south, where Patagonia is stunningly barren and mystifying and the Tierra del Fuego feels like the end of the world. The Andes offer excellent skiing - the ski-resort of Bariloche being the country's most established. Horseriding, adventure sports and birdwatching are just a few of the other activities on offer throughout the country.
Argentina, vastly unexplored and undiscovered by most tourists, is an adventure waiting to happen.
Payment FAQ's - Reservation Form We accept online or written check, Visa, Mastercard, Discover & American Express for deposit on our tours. Bulk consolidator fares for airlines often can only be paid by check, and must be paid within 5-14 days of reservation (depending on airline and fare). We shall notify at the time of reservation. Please let us know at time of booking if you wish to pay by credit card, and we shall try to make special arrangements.
If paying by credit card, we require a credit card authorization form be filled out. Please click here to download a form.
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Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadores in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government. 
